My setup is a little different, but the code works. Setup: Qt x64 4.8.4 and VTK 5.10, using VS2010 x64 compiler.
First, add a verticalLayout widget to the main UI screen. I suppose any of the other layouts would work, but I haven't tried them. In the C++ editor try:
_qvtkWidget = new QVTKWidget;
ui->verticalLayout->addWidget(_qvtkWidget);
ui->verticalLayout->update();
_qvtkRenderer = vtkRenderer::New();
_qvtkWidget->GetRenderWindow->AddRenderer(_qvtkRenderer);
_qvtkRenderer->SetBackground(0,0,0);
_qvtkRenderer->Render();
Hope this works for you!