No. currently there is no such feature provided out of the box.
However, given you will deal with VM anyway, you can create an image of your own. You can register a "Startup Task" in RunOnce registry key. And sysprep the OS with this settings.
This way you will basically have a startup task which will be executed when your machine boots for the first time and will not be executed on consequent VM restarts.
Taking parameters into the code for VM is not as easy for Web/Worker Role. For anything you want you have to query the Azure Management API directly. The only properties you can get from code running on an Azure VM are basically the normal OS properties - i.e. host name, host IP Address. You don't even know your cloud service name, nor your Virtual IP Address (this can be discovered via services as whatismyip.net or similar). So my approach would be to put parameters into an Azure Table Storage and use Machine Name as rowKey. So I can store any VM specific values based on VM Name. And my "Startup" task would query the Table storage, providing my host name as rowKey (and some common pattern for Partition Key), so it gets all required settings.