No, Core Location does not offer a feature like that.
IIRC, you can't do it, because you can't start the location service with the app in the background (for example, if you sent a silent push notification you couldn't quietly get the location). You can test this potential yourself though (I can't find it documented just now). You would need to stop and restart the location service, it would need to update you 'immediately' and continue to update on significant changes.
An alternate would be to request the user to open the app by using a local notification. Obviously you can't rely on the user actually doing that though...