It is possible to make map kit load map contents from a private map database. I don't remember if this is new in iOS 6 or 7. I want to say iOS 7. There was a WWDC session where an Apple engineer set up a private map as a demo.
Usually you'd host the map on a server and have your app download map tiles from the server. In your case you'd have it load tiles from a local directory on the device. However, map content gets big fast. You'd only be able to cover fairly modest areas before the file sizes of your map content became prohibitively large.