You have a couple problems. One, you haven't selected the CustomerID field in your subquery so you can't filter on it from the outer query. Second, you are referencing the wrong table alias in the outer query. Try this instead:
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT [Orders].[OrderDate], [Orders].[CustomerID] FROM [Orders]) t
WHERE t.[CustomerID]=?
Alternatively, you could not select the CustomerID and put your parameter in your subquery:
SELECT *
FROM (SELECT [Orders].[OrderDate] FROM [Orders] WHERE [Orders].[CustomerID]=?) t