Matlab's uitable is a crippled version of an underlying JIDE table.
It is possible to get to the underlying java (see findjobj in file exchange), but that requires a lot of work. Yair Altman's undocumented matlab site is a good starting place for understanding the java side of matlab.
It sounds like you want something like a property editor, as opposed to a generic UI table -- i.e. properties listed in first column, property value editable in second column. There are a few "off the shelf" versions in the file exchange, which use JIDE:
See propertiesgui, or property-grid for mostly functional examples. The second example is easier to use -- you simply provide a class or struct, and it creates the proper field entry format. The first one offers more choices -- like color boxes, drop downs, etc, but requires you to be more involved in specifying how things behave.