To get the feed's URL, you first need to get the item's feed object, then get its permalink:
$feed = $item->get_feed();
$url = $feed->get_permalink();
To get the feed URL itself, use $feed->subscribe_url()
instead. Depending on redirects, this may or may not match the original passed in.
As for getting its position, you need to track this yourself in your own code. SimplePie does not (currently) maintain an ordered version of the feeds, so you need to do this on your end.