Solution (no idea where the technical difference is):
<VirtualHost Server-IP:80>
ServerName http://domain
DocumentRoot "C:/xampp/htdocs"
</VirtualHost>
<VirtualHost Server-IP:80>
ServerName http://subdomain.domain
Redirect / http://domain:port
</VirtualHost>
I even didn't have to make any entries in the Windows host file. NameVirtualHost
wasn't necessary either.