I think Astyanax client can not provide you all the data types info, rather using CQLSH you can get most of them.
select column_name, comparator, column_aliases,key_alias,key_validator from system.schema_columns where keyspace_name='#KS' AND columnfamily_name='#CF';
Also for any other meta field related information you can see the structure
CREATE TABLE schema_keyspaces (
keyspace_name text PRIMARY KEY,
durable_writes boolean,
strategy_class text,
strategy_options text
);
CREATE TABLE schema_columnfamilies (
keyspace_name text,
columnfamily_name text,
bloom_filter_fp_chance double,
caching text,
column_aliases text,
comment text,
compaction_strategy_class text,
compaction_strategy_options text,
comparator text,
compression_parameters text,
default_read_consistency text,
default_validator text,
default_write_consistency text,
gc_grace_seconds int,
id int,
key_alias text,
key_aliases text,
key_validator text,
local_read_repair_chance double,
max_compaction_threshold int,
min_compaction_threshold int,
read_repair_chance double,
replicate_on_write boolean,
subcomparator text,
type text,
value_alias text,
PRIMARY KEY (keyspace_name, columnfamily_name)
);
CREATE TABLE schema_columns (
keyspace_name text,
columnfamily_name text,
column_name text,
component_index int,
index_name text,
index_options text,
index_type text,
validator text,
PRIMARY KEY (keyspace_name, columnfamily_name, column_name)
);