I came up with this "simple" solution.
Functions used:
GROUP_CONCAT
: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/group-by-functions.html#function_group-concatSUBSTRING
http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/string-functions.html#function_substring
Live demo: http://www.sqlfiddle.com/#!2/d41d8/19186
SELECT
GROUP_CONCAT( chars.c SEPARATOR '') AS allchars
FROM (
SELECT DISTINCT
SUBSTRING( str.str, pos.pos, 1 ) AS c
FROM
( SELECT x1.x + x2.x*10 AS pos
FROM
( SELECT 0 AS x UNION ALL
SELECT 1 UNION ALL
SELECT 2 UNION ALL
SELECT 3 UNION ALL
SELECT 4 UNION ALL
SELECT 5 UNION ALL
SELECT 6 UNION ALL
SELECT 7 UNION ALL
SELECT 8 UNION ALL
SELECT 9
) AS x1
INNER JOIN
( SELECT 0 AS x UNION ALL
SELECT 1 UNION ALL
SELECT 2 UNION ALL
SELECT 3 UNION ALL
SELECT 4 UNION ALL
SELECT 5 UNION ALL
SELECT 6 UNION ALL
SELECT 7 UNION ALL
SELECT 8 UNION ALL
SELECT 9
) AS x2
) AS pos
INNER JOIN
( SELECT 'recursive' AS str UNION ALL
SELECT 'XYZ'
) AS str
) AS chars