SQL Server 2005 allows to use INSERT INTO EXEC operation (https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/sql/t-sql/statements/insert-transact-sql?view=sqlallproducts-allversions).
You might create a table valued variable and insert result of stored procedure into this table:
DECLARE @tempTable table(myParam1 int, myParam2 int);
DECLARE @statement nvarchar(max) = 'SELECT 1,2';
INSERT INTO @tempTable EXEC sp_executesql @statement;
SELECT * FROM @tempTable;
Result:
myParam1 myParam2
----------- -----------
1 2
or you can use any other your own stored procedure:
DECLARE @tempTable table(myParam1 int, myParam2 int);
DECLARE @statement nvarchar(max) = 'SELECT 1,2';
INSERT INTO @tempTable EXEC [dbo].[my_procedure];
SELECT * FROM @tempTable;