I hope you might have googled somewhat for Big Data. Though there are many nosql databases, but explanation for all can't be covered here.
It's all up-to the requirement according to which Bigdatabase/Nosql databases we choose.
Please refer following links for understanding what NOSQL databases are and why should we use it.
http://www.couchbase.com/why-nosql/nosql-database
http://nosql.findthebest.com/
http://nosql-database.org/
http://kkovacs.eu/cassandra-vs-mongodb-vs-couchdb-vs-redis
These link will definitely guide you..!!