To some extent yes. But you will have to check your code every now and then on Android to make sure that everything is right.
Like any other cross platform solution, there are occasions that you will have to detect the device and then use some "device specific code". Having said that, the majority of your code will remain the same. For example in Cocos2d-x you will use this:
#if (CC_TARGET_PLATFORM == CC_PLATFORM_IOS)
// DO SOME IOS RELATED STUFF
#endif
PS: I have a question for you! Could you tell me what IDE you use on Linux? I wanted to use Eclipse and couldn't get the code completion feature working, so I gave up and moved to MAC. Let me know if you have a solution for a Linux IDE! Cheers!