I doubt that 1 vs true and 0 vs false has any appreciable performance impact, but if you want to know for sure you should create a benchmark.
Variable name length should not make any difference. The compiler turns them all into internal pointers when it parses the script.
Shorthand notations also shouldn't make much difference, the compiler should generate similar code for both.
Your concerns all seem to be based on the assumption that the code is being interpreted line by line. PHP is compiled, not interpreted.