this doesn't work for you?
import pymel.core as pm
const = pm.geometryConstraint('pSphere1', 'locator1', n='geoConstraint')
print const
const.rename('fred')
print const
output would be
geoConstraint
fred
and a constraint object named 'fred'.
The pymel node is the return value that comes back from the command defined in pm.animation.geometryConstraint. What it returns is a class wrapper for the actual in-scene constraint, which is defined in pm.nodetypes.GeometryConstraint. It's the class version where you get to do all the attribute setting, etc; the command version is a match for the same thing in maya.cmds with sometimes a little syntactic sugar added.
In this case, the pymel node is like any other pymel node, so things like renamimg use the same '.rename' functionality inherited from DagNode. You could also use functions inherited from Transform, like 'getChildren()' or 'setParent()' The docs make this clear in a round-about way by including the inheritance tree at the top of the nodetype's page. Basically all pynode returns will share at least DagNode (stuff like naming) and usually Transform (things like move, rotate, parent) or Shape (query components, etc)