I don't know if it's the good way but this is what I've finally done :
-I put the data in a specific folder (I chose App_Data but I don't know if it's the good place for that)
-I put a Web.config in this folder with that content :
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
<system.webServer>
<directoryBrowse enabled="true" />
<staticContent>
<mimeMap fileExtension=".tmx" mimeType="text/plain" />
</staticContent>
</system.webServer>
</configuration>
(I guess I have to specify all custom extension)
-In my case (App_Data folder), I had to add in the global Web.config :
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
<security>
<requestFiltering>
<hiddenSegments>
<remove segment="App_Data" />
</hiddenSegments>
</requestFiltering>
</security>
</configuration>
With these modifications, the HTTP GET on my resources works well.