You can use this code:
File input = new File("inputImage.jpg");
BufferedImage image = ImageIO.read(input);
Raster ras = image.getRaster();
int elem = ras.getNumDataElements();
System.out.println("Number of Elems: " + elem);
If the number of elems returns 1, then its a greyscale image. If it returns 3, then its a color image.