I assume from what you say (please correct me if I am wrong) that this
configured pre-processing algorithm
will run on a server. And after the processing you will send data back to the android device.
One way that you could do this would be to send the data from the phone to a web server through an http request, the server will process the data and then send back the info through cloud messaging.
In case that the processing is done in the phone, then you can omit the last step and implement a one-way communication (sending http requests to the server).
For more details about sending data through http you can check here,
and for cloud messaging you can check here.