The easy way for one-off scripts, accessing specific databases, is to use scheduled tasks. You set them to run as a specific account which has the appropriate permissions, then you don't have to worry about SQL Logins or passwords.
If you want something similar to Oracle's Wallet manager, then you should look at Credentials, and Proxies in MS SQL server.
See: Security Questions: Logins Credentials and Proxies
The Credential allows you to store and manage Login information.
A proxy is used by SQL Server Agent to map credentials to SQL Server Agent subsystems (i.e. PowerShell or SSIS).
Here is a link to a detailed guide on creating Credentials and Proxies and: Run Operating System Commands in SQL Agent using PowerShell