I don't think Cheerio implements that selector. It's similar to jQuery, but only a subset of jQuery's full implementation.
You could work around that by doing something like this:
var cheerio = require('cheerio'),
$ = cheerio.load('<table><tr><td>ID</td><td>Name</td><td>Age</td></tr></table>');
var nameIndex = $('td').map(function(i, e) {
if ($(this).text() === 'Name')
return i;
})[0];
// Outputs "1" in this example.
console.log(nameIndex);