I have found a solution that doesn't meet the question exactly as asked, but is relatively close.
Say there are two transitions out of the "Code Review" status, one that leads to a status called "Failed Code Review" and another that leads to a status called "Passed Code Review". The following query gets all issues that have been set to either of these statuses by a given user.x:
(status WAS "Failed Code Review" BY user.x) OR (status WAS "Passed Code Review" BY user.x)
This does not work perfectly however, as it will
- also get all issues set to those statuses by user.x from any other transition
- not get any issues that were assigned to user.x in "Code Review", but transitioned to another status by another user