If you can make it into two seperate files, then do so.
foo.html
<form method="POST" action="foo.php">
<input type="text" value="ENTER STEAM:ID" name="idform" />
<input type="submit" />
</form>
foo.php
<?php
function convert_steamid_to_accountid($steamid)
{
$toks = explode(":", $steamid);
$odd = (int)$toks[1];
$halfAID = (int)$toks[2];
$authid = ($halfAID*2) + $odd;
echo $authid;
}
$id = $_POST['idform'];
convert_steamid_to_accountid($id)
?>
if you don't have an option of making two seperate files, you can add the php code to 'foo.html' file and make the form to submit to the same file. However if you do this, check if the file is getting requested the first time, or it is requested because the form is submitted, BEFORE you call convert_steamid_to_accountid() function. You can do this by:
if ($_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD']=='POST'){
// your php code here that should be executed when the form is submitted.
}