The manual page you link to is for a command-line tool, not a function which runs inside the database itself, so will not show up when interrogating system views for available extensions.
Although the Debian package description doesn't mention it, the list of files included does. The list includes both /usr/lib/postgresql/9.2/bin/pg_test_fsync
and /usr/share/postgresql/9.2/man/man1/pg_test_fsync.1.gz
, so once that package is installed, you should be able to type man pg_test_fsync
to confirm the options supported.