After some googling and trying, I got it to work. I had to change these parts of the configuration.
<services>
<service name="ClaimWcfService.Service1">
<endpoint address="" binding="ws2007FederationHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="" contract="ClaimWcfService.IService1" />
</service>
</services>
<behaviors>
<serviceBehaviors>
<behavior>
<serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" httpsGetEnabled="true" />
<serviceDebug includeExceptionDetailInFaults="true" />
<serviceAuthorization principalPermissionMode="Always" />
<serviceCredentials useIdentityConfiguration="true">
</serviceCredentials>
</behavior>
</serviceBehaviors>
</behaviors>
<system.identityModel>
<identityConfiguration saveBootstrapContext="true">
<audienceUris>
<add value="https://anno99-pc/ClaimWcfService/" />
</audienceUris>
<certificateValidation certificateValidationMode="None" />
<issuerNameRegistry type="System.IdentityModel.Tokens.ConfigurationBasedIssuerNameRegistry, System.IdentityModel, Version=4.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=b77a5c561934e089">
<trustedIssuers>
<add thumbprint="A540AD5B90B8459E919B39301B89F279A3AAEADB"
name="idsrv" />
</trustedIssuers>
</issuerNameRegistry>
</identityConfiguration>
</system.identityModel>
I hope this helps someone