I think that you forgot some parentheses (some others are superfluous) in your nonlinear function. Using an anonymous function:
myfun = @(x)data(:,2)-x(1).*data(:,1)./(x(2)+data(:,1)); % Parentheses were missing
options = optimset('MaxIter',10000,'MaxFunEvals',50000,'FunValCheck','on',...
'Algorithm',{'levenberg-marquardt',.00001});
p = lsqnonlin(myfun,[0.1424,2.5444],[],[],options);
lse = p(1).*data(:,1)./(p(2)+data(:,1));
plot(data(:,1),data(:,2),'o','color','red','linewidth',1)
line(data(:,1),lse,'linewidth',2)
You also weren't actually applying any of your options.
You might look into using lsqcurvefit
instead as it was designed for data fitting problems:
myfun = @(x,dat)x(1).*dat./(x(2)+dat);
options = optimset('MaxIter',10000,'MaxFunEvals',50000,'FunValCheck','on',...
'Algorithm',{'levenberg-marquardt',.00001});
p = lsqcurvefit(myfun,[0.1424,2.5444],data(:,1),data(:,2),[],[],options);
lse = myfun(p,data(:,1));
plot(data(:,1),data(:,2),'o','color','red','linewidth',1)
line(data(:,1),lse,'linewidth',2)