I was able to solve my issue myself. I've searched through both of the web.configs (VirtualDirectories\80 and VirtualDirectories\7099) and deleted some entrys. Now I got the following entries in my web.config:
<httpModules>
<remove name="Session" />
<add name="Session" type="System.Web.SessionState.SessionStateModule" />
</httpModules>
and
<pages enableSessionState="true" enableViewState="true" enableViewStateMac="true" enableEventValidation="true" etc...>
I guess my fault was to have another SessionState declared which was costum. I've deleted these entries and the application works like a charm. So it seems, the exception will also be thrown, when there are to many Sessions declared.