As far as I know route::resource only gives you the routes that are detailed in the documentation so for what you want you would need to declare your own route. It is still restful and if it is only one of the resourceful routes you want to change you should still be able to do the following because the routes are prioritized in the order they are declared.
Route::get('schedule/{day}/{month}/{year}/edit', array('as' => 'editSchedule', 'uses' => 'ScheduleController@edit'));
Route::resource('schedule', 'ScheduleController');