Refer to SQLite.org - PRAGMA Statements:
PRAGMA table_info(sqlite_master);
To fit it into your PHP implementation:
<?php // Display all sqlite tables
$db = new SQLite3('data.db');
$tablesquery = $db->query("PRAGMA table_info(sqlite_master);");
while ($table = $tablesquery->fetchArray(SQLITE3_ASSOC)) {
echo $table['name'] . '<br />';
} ?>