Yes, this should work, given that you have installed RabbitMQ's STOMP plugin on your RabbitMQ node(s).
The protocol only defines the communication between client and server and has no impact on a message itself.
You should note that using protocols other than AMQP will most likely come along with limitations and/or worse performance.
There also exist native PHP libraries for RabbitMQ that don't require compiling C code. Unfortunately, I cannot tell you which one is the best, because I am a Java guy ;-).