This is an incredibly late answer, but perhaps I can shed some light on a solution. The "set" number you refer to is a Spatial Reference Indentifier or SRID. For lat/long calculations you should consider setting this to 4326, which will ensure metres are used as a unit of measurement. You should also consider switching to SqlGeography rather than SqlGeometry, but we'll continue with SqlGeometry for now. To bulk set the SRID, you can update your table as follows:
UPDATE [YourTable] SET [SpatialColumn] = GEOMETRY.STPointFromText([SpatialColumn].STAsText(), 4326);
For a single radius, you need to create a radii as a spatial object. For example:
DECLARE @radiusInMeters FLOAT = 1000; -- Set to a number in meters
DECLARE @radius GEOMETRY = GEOMETRY::Point(@x, @y, 4326).STBuffer(@radiusInMeters);
STBuffer() takes the spatial point and creates a circle (now a Polygon type) from it. You can then query your data set as follows:
SELECT * FROM [YourTable] WHERE [SpatialColumn].STIntersects(@radius);
The above will now use any Spatial Index you have created on the [SpatialColumn] in its query plan.
There is also a simpler option which will work (and still use a spatial index). The STDistance method allows you to do the following:
DECLARE @radius GEOMETRY = GEOMETRY::Point(@x, @y, 4326);
DECLARE @distance FLOAT = 1000; -- A distance in metres
SELECT * FROM [YourTable] WHERE [SpatialColumn].STDistance(@radius) <= @distance;
Lastly, working with a collection of radii. You have a few options. The first is to run the above for each radii in turn, but I would consider the following to do it as one:
DECLARE #radiiCollection TABLE
(
[RadiusInMetres] FLOAT,
[Radius] GEOMETRY
)
INSERT INTO #radiiCollection ([RadiusInMetres], [Radius]) VALUES (1000, GEOMETRY::Point(@xValue, @yValue, 4326).STBuffer(1000));
-- Repeat for other radii
SELECT
X.[Id],
MIN(R.[RadiusInMetres]) AS [WithinRadiusDistance]
FROM
[YourTable] X
JOIN
#radiiCollection RC ON RC.[Radius].STIntersects(X.[SpatialColumn])
GROUP BY
X.[IdColumn],
R.[RadiusInMetres]
DROP TABLE @radiiCollection;
The final above has not been tested, but I'm 99% sure it's just about there with a small amount of tweaking being a possibility. The ideal of taking the min radius distance in the select is that if the multiple radii stem from a single location, if a point is within the first radius, it will naturally be within all of the others. You'll therefore duplicate the record, but by grouping and then selecting the min, you get only one (and the closest).
Hope it helps, albeit 4 weeks after you asked the question. Sorry I didn't see it sooner, if only there was only one spatial tag for questions!!!!