Can Clojure implement a message passing concurrency model?
Yes sure. It is already implemented for Clojure. Check Pulsar project. It looks really promising and ready for the prime time.
Of course, nothing stops you from using Akka.io since it is a JVM project (by using Clojure's built-in Java interop). But Pulsar is created with Clojure in mind.
what other languages?
Erlang is the undisputed champion when it comes to Actors model.