Ok, I solved it. There were two things; First was the fact, that the original apache2.conf is searching for *.conf files and my were just named without any extensions. But though, after that mistake, the Virtual Hosts were still ignored. I found out, that the
Order deny,allow
and
Allow from all
thing has to be replaced with:
Require all granted
After that, the config was loaded. There was no error before not even a warning. But that was the problem, that the whole conf File was just ignored.