Here is your request :
SELECT
v.photo_id,
COUNT(v.id) AS total_votes,
(SELECT COUNT(id) FROM vote WHERE photo_id = v.photo_id AND user_id = 1) AS currentUserHasVotetThisAmountOfTime
FROM
vote AS v
GROUP BY
v.photo_id
ORDER BY
total_votes
DESC
Just replace user_id = 1
by your own ID (in the sub-request line 4).
I get ride of the user_id column, since this is your something you provide there is imo no point to return this in the query as well.
If you want to test it by yourself : http://sqlfiddle.com/#!2/ba2a1/16/0