You can accomplish it in several ways, and the answers can be very long, but my first recommendation would be to bring up another EC2 instance running, for example, Apache Zookeeper. Every other node (the ones you need to "notify") would then run a Zookeeper client, kind of subscribing for an event of "log changed". Whenever you need to change the log level, you would (manually or automatically) trigger a "log changed" event in your Zookeeper node. There is a lot of examples, use cases and code samples in the Zookeper project page that might help you get started.
The reason why I recommended Zookeeper is because it could serve as a central configuration point (not only log level) for your nodes in the future.