How do I access a private constructor in a separate class?

Question

I'm writing a library in C++. I have two classes in my library, A and B. I want to hide the A() constructor from any code that references my library. I also want class B to be able to call the A() constructor.

I come from a C# background and remember little of my C++. In C#, I would simply declare the A() constructor as internal. I've read that the closest way to do this in C++ is a combination of friend declarations and forward-declarations. How do I do this? Here are my three files below:

A.h:

#pragma once
class A
{
    private:
        A();
};

---

B.h

#pragma once
class A;
class B
{
    public:
        A createA();
};

---

B.cpp:

#include "A.h"
#include "B.h"

A B::createA()
{
    A result; //cannot access private member declare in class 'A'
    return result;
}

---

I've tried adding this to A.h:

public: friend A createA();

I've instead tried adding this to A.h with a corresponding forward declaration:

public: friend A B::createA();

I've instead tried adding and extern class B; to A.h and making B a class like this:

public: friend class B;

I'm at a loss.

I think this might be easier if I have the B::createA() function return a pointer to an A object rather than an A object directly, but that won't do in my case. I am emulating a closed API and the API call returns an A object rather than a pointer.

Answer 1

You probably just need to drop the "extern" from your third attempt to turn it into a proper forward-declaration. Try:

A.h:

#pragma once
class B;
class A
{
    friend class B;
private:
    A();
};

Answer 2

You don't need the external keyword. Make it simple:

// In A.h

class B;  // Forward declaration

class A
{
    friend class B; // Make all the class B friend
    A();
};

// In B.h

class B
{
public:
    A createA() {}
};

Live Example.

Answer 3

Unless absolutely necessary, you should have A construct itself (or have a factory that creates A). If you really want B to do it:

class B; // foward declared

class A
{
private:
    A() {}
    friend class B;
};

class B
{
public:
    A CreateA()
    {
        A a;
        return a;
    }
};

int main()
{
    B b;
    A a = b.CreateA();
    return 0;
}

Note: You must forward declare B before declaring it a friend in A.

If you want just the function as a friend:

class A;

class B
{
public:
    A CreateA();
};

class A
{
private:
    A() {}
    friend class A B::CreateA();
};

A B::CreateA()
{
    A a;
    return a;
}

int main()
{
    B b;
    A a = b.CreateA();
    return 0;
}

Answer 4

You can make B a friend of A:

class A
{
private:
   A();
   friend class B;
};