C++ “was not declared in this scope” compile error and modification tips

Question

I'm trying to modify this code in an attempt to make it work on an Arduino Mega. I'm pretty much new to C so, I may have made some major mistakes. By the way, this is for a self balancing skateboard. :P

This code is taken from an ATmega32 (from : [url=http://sites.google.com/site/onewheeledselfbalancing/Home/twin-wheel-self-balancing-skateboard-lightweight-version/code4]http://sites.google.com/site/onewheeledsel...t-version/code4[/url] and I'm trying to make it work on a Arduino Mega.

This code was writen for an ATmega32 developpement board http://www.active-robots.com/products/controllr/m32db.shtml

Thank you!

Here is the first error I encounter :

In function 'void timer_init()': error: 'TCCR0' was not declared in this scope In function 'int main()':

Could someone explain me what is wrong? I'm pretty much a beginner in programming but I've read a lot of books/website and I'm learning fast too! ^^ and here is the complete code (its pretty long):

#include <avr/io.h>
#include <avr/pgmspace.h>
#include <avr/interrupt.h>
#include <math.h>

define CLOCK_SPEED 16000000

define OCR1_MAX 1023

typedef unsigned char u8; void set_motor_idle(void); void InitPorts(void); float level=0; float Throttle_pedal; float aa; float accelraw; float x_acc; float accsum; float x_accdeg;

float gyrosum;

float gangleratedeg; float gangleraterads; float ti = 2.2;

float overallgain; float gaincontrol; float batteryvolts = 24; float gyroangledt; float angle; float anglerads; float balance_torque; float softstart;

float cur_speed; float cycle_time = 0.0064; float Balance_point; float a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6;//Savitzky-Golay variables for accelerometer

int i; int j; int tipstart; void InitPorts(void) { PORTC=0x00; //Port C pullups set to low (no output voltage) to begin with DDRC=0xFF; //Port C pins all set as output via the port C direction register //PORTC |= (1<

DDRA=0x00; //all port A pins set as input PORTA=0x00; //Port A input pullups set to low pullups

DDRD=0xFF; //Configure all port D pins as output as prerequisite for OCR1A (PinD5) and OCR1B (Pin D4) working properly

PORTB=0x00; //Port B pullups set to low (no output voltage) to begin with DDRB=0xFF; //All port B pins set to output

} /* IO: I am using ATMega32 16MHz with external crystal clock. New planned pin arrangement to OSMC motor controller PC4 Onboard LED PD5/OC1A ALI -> OSMC pin 6 PD4/OC1B BLI -> OSMC pin 8 PC1 Disable -> OSMC pin 4 PC2 BHI -> OSMC pin 7 PC3 AHI -> OSMC pin 5 PA6/ADC6 Vbatt/10 -> OSMC pin 3 PA1/ADC1 pitch rate gyro PA0/ADC0 accelerometer / void adc_init(void) { / turn off analogue comparator as we don't use it / ACSR = (1 << ACD); / select PA0 / ADMUX = 0; ADMUX |=(1< Set ADC prescaler to 128, enable ADC, and start conversion / ADCSRA = 0 | (1< / wait until bogus first conversion finished */ while (ADCSRA & (1 << ADSC)) { } }

uint16_t adc_read(uint8_t channel) {
/* select channel / ADMUX = channel; ADMUX |=(1< start conversion /
ADCSRA |= (1 << ADSC); / wait until conversion finished / while (ADCSRA & (1 << ADSC)) { } / return the result */ return ADCW; }

/* 156 cycles per sec, 6.4ms per cycle MEASURED ON OSCILLOSCOPE*/ /* read all the ADC inputs and do some conversion */ void sample_inputs(void) {

uint16_t adc0, adc1, adc2, adc3, adc4, adc5;
 gyrosum=0;   adc0 = adc_read(0); /* accelerometer pin PA0 */   accelraw

= (float) adc0; for (j=0; j<7; j++) { adc1 = adc_read(1); //gyro pin PA1 gyrosum = (float) gyrosum + adc1; //using a mean of 7 samples per loop for the gyro so it gets a complete update with each loop of the program }

adc2 = adc_read(2); /* grey wire overallgain (via cutout switch)

position PA2*/ adc3 = adc_read(3); /* Position lever pulled back position PA3*/ adc4 = adc_read(4); /* Throttle_pedal position PA4*/ adc5 = adc_read(5); /* Position lever pushed forwards position PA5*/ //adc6 = adc_read(6); /* Vbatt input from OSMC (not used at present) position PA6*/ //Sav Golay filter for accel only a0 = a1; a1 = a2; a2 = a3; a3 = a4; a4 = a5; a5 = a6; a6 = (float) accelraw; accsum = (float) ((-2*a0) + (3*a1) + (6*a2) + (7*a3) + (6*a4) + (3*a5) + (-2*a6))/21; //Sav Golay calculation

    gaincontrol = (float) gaincontrol*0.9 + 0.1*adc2/341;

//smooths any voltage spikes and gives range 0-3 Throttle_pedal=(float) Throttle_pedal*0.9 + 0.1*adc4/341; //smooths any voltage spikes and gives range 0-3

//Cuts the motor if the dead mans button is let go //(gaincontrol variable also wired in through this button to adc2 if (adc2<100) { Throttle_pedal=0.001; gaincontrol=0.001; } overallgain = gaincontrol*softstart; //what to do if lever pulled back or pushed forwards or not doing anything: Balance_point = 514; if (adc3>100) Balance_point=534;

if (adc5>100) Balance_point=494;

 PORTB |= (1<<PB2);//Port B2 turned on/off once per loop so I can

measure loop time with an oscilloscope

/ACCELEROMETER signal processing/ /Subtract offsets/ x_acc=(float) accsum - Balance_point; //accsum is SG value for accelerometer, not a true "sum" so no need to divide by 7 if (x_acc<-250) x_acc=-250; //cap accel values to a range of -250 to +250 (80 degree tilt each way) if (x_acc>250) x_acc=250; /* Accelerometer angle change is about 3.45 units per degree tilt in range 0-30 degrees(sin theta) Convert tilt to degrees of tilt from accelerometer sensor. Sin angle roughly = angle for small angles so no need to do trigonometry. x_acc below is now in DEGREES*/

x_accdeg= (float) x_acc/-3.45; //The minus sign corrects for a back to front accelerometer mounting!

  /*GYRO signal processing*/
 /*Subtract offsets: Sensor reading is 0-1024 so "balance point"

i.e. my required zero point will be that reading minus 512*/

/Gyro angle change of 20mV per deg per sec from datasheet gives change of 4.096 units (on the scale of 0 - 1023) per degree per sec angle change This limits the rate of change of gyro angle to just less than the maximum rate it is actually capable of measuring (100deg/sec). Note all these fractions are rounded up to an integer later just before it is sent to the PWM generator which in turn is connected to the motor controller/ gangleratedeg=(float)((gyrosum/7) - 508)/4.096; //gyrosum is a sum of a group of 7 samples so divide by 7 for gyro value if (gangleratedeg < -92) gangleratedeg=-92; if (gangleratedeg

92) gangleratedeg=92 /I turn port B2 on and off once per main program cycle so I can attach an oscilloscope to it and work out the program cycle time I use the cycle time to work out gyro angle change per cycle where you have to know the length of this time interval/ PORTB &= (0<

/ti represents scaling for the "i" or integral factor (currently 2.2 here) gyroangledt is anglechange since last CYCLE in degrees from gyro sensor, where ti is scaling factor (should in theory be about 1 but 2.2 makes board feel tighter)
ganglerate is now in units of degrees per second aa varies the time constant, i.e smaller aa value makes accelerometer time constant longer as it slowly corrects for the gyro drift/

aa=0.005; gyroangledt = (float)ticycle_timegangleratedeg;
gangleraterads=(float)gangleratedeg*0.017453;

/new angle in DEGREES is old angle plus change in angle from gyro since last cycle with little bit of new accel reading factored in/ angle = (float)((1-aa) * (angle+gyroangledt)) + (aa * x_accdeg); //the main angle calculating function*/ //Convert angle from degrees to radians

 anglerads=(float)angle*0.017453;
      balance_torque=(float)(4.5*anglerads)

+ (0.5*gangleraterads);

cur_speed = (float)(cur_speed + (Throttle_pedal * balance_torque * cycle_time)) * 0.999;

/*The level value is from -1 to +1 and represents the duty cycle to be sent to the motor. Converting to radians helps us stay within these limits level = (balance_torque + cur_speed) * overallgain;

}

void timer_init() { TCCR0 = 0 | (1<

// PWM mode is "PWM, Phase Correct, 10-bit" TCCR1A = 0 | (1<

(1<

void set_motor()

/* The leveli terms is the level term rescaled from -1023 to +1023 as an integer ready to send to the PWM motor control ports that are in turn connected to the OSMC*/ {

//if (level<-0.9) level= -0.9;//checks we are within sensible limits //if (level>0.9) level=0.9;

int16_t leveli = (int16_t)(level*1023); //NOTE here we take the floating point value we have ended up with for "level", we multiply it by 1023 and then make it into an integer before feeding the value into the PWM generator as "leveli"

if (leveli<-1020) leveli=-1020;//double-checks we are within sensible PWM limits as do not want to suddenly be thrown off the board if (leveli>1020) leveli=1020;

/Set up LED or buzzer on Port B1 to warn me to slow down if torque to be delivered is more than 50% of max possible The reason for this is that you always need some reserve motor power in case you start tipping forward at speed If motor already running flat-out you would be about to fall over at high speed! Some use an auto-tip back routine to automatically limit top speed. For now I will do it this way as easier/

if (level<-0.7 || level>0.7) {
PORTB |= (1< PORTB &= (0<

softstart = (float) softstart+0.001; if (softstart>1.0) softstart=1.0;

//PORTC |= (0<<PC1);   // AHI=1  PinC3, BHI=1 PinC2 set both to ON for

OSMC to work and both to OFF to shut motor down /*NOTE: Not sure why but to stop motor cutting out on direction changes I had in the end to hard wire AHI and BHI to +12V / / Un-disabled OSMC by setting PinC1 output to zero, a 1 would disable the OSMC*/ PORTC |= 0x0c; //make C1 pulled down so un-disables the OSMC i.e. enables it. PORTC &= ~0x02; //disable is off if (leveli<0) { OCR1A = -leveli; // ALI is PWM going backwards as leveli variable is a negative signed value, keep the minus sign in here! OCR1B = 0; // BLI = 0 } else { OCR1A = 0; // ALI = 0 going forwards as leveli variable is a positive signed value OCR1B = leveli; // BLI is PWM } }

int main(void) { InitPorts();

adc_init();

timer_init();

/* Initial tilt-start code Turn on micro while board tipped to one side, rider about to step onto it, if tilt angle crosses zero (mid) point balance algorithm becomes operational otherwise locked in this loop forever until it is tipped to level position as rider gets onto board*/ tipstart=0; accelraw = 0;

while (tipstart<1){

// you need this to allow the SG filter to wind up to the proper stable value when you first turn machine on, before looking at the value of accsum (below).

for (i=0; i<20; i++) {
sample_inputs();
}

if (accsum<504 || accsum>524) { //
if (x_accdeg>0) { tipstart=0; } else { tipstart=1;
softstart=0.4; } }

angle=0; cur_speed=0; /* end of tilt start code. If go beyond this point then machine has become level and is active*/

sei();

while (1) { sample_inputs();

set_motor();

} }

Answer 1

You most likely have the wrong MCU specified for your build. While DDRA exists on the ATmega1280 on an Arduino Mega, DDRA does not exist on the ATmega328 of a regular Arduino.

If you're using the Arduino UI, go to Tools | Board and choose Arduino Mega.

If you're using your own build system, you'll need to update the value that you specify for -mmcu= on the gcc command line.

Answer 2

I think you may have left off a closing comment here:

/*The level value is from -1 to +1 and represents the duty cycle to be sent to the motor. Converting to radians helps us stay within these limits >>>*/<<<

Answer 3

When the compiler tells you that something "was not declared in this scope," as yourself this question:

What scope was is declared in?

If you can't answer that question, then you've discovered the problem. After all, if you don't know what that name refers to, how can you expect the compiler to? Remember that you are the expert on any code you write.

If you can determine what scope the thing is declared in, then the next task is to determine how that scope relates to the scope you're trying to use it in. Typical problems include (but are not limited to) the following:

• It was declared in some other namespace. Use the :: scope-resolution operator to give a fully qualified name.
• It was declared as a member of a class and you're trying to use it in a standalone function. Either find a instance of the class and access the variable or function through that object, or change the class to have your new function as one of its members.

If you can't find what scope it was declared in, then there are a few things that might be wrong:

• You've spelled it wrong. Check the spelling in the documentation and fix your code.
• It's declared in some header that you've forgotten to include. Figure out where it's declared and add the appropriate #include directive. This is probably the problem in your case.
• It's not declared anywhere. Figure out where it should be declared and declare it there yourself.

Answer 4

Here is a link to reasonably straightforward Arduino code for control of a DIY Segway.

This would be a better starting point for your skateboard I think.

http://diysegway.blogspot.com/

Best wishes

John